Izinto eziyinhlanganisela ziya ngokwanda zithola indlela yazo kumzila kaloliwe kanye nezinhlelo zokuthutha abantu abaningi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqhubi bamabhasi, abahamba ngaphansi kanye nezitimela sebeqala ukubona izinzuzo zezinto eziyinhlanganisela ekwehliseni ukudlidliza okunomsindo kanye ne-cacophony.“Uma uke wangena esitimeleni wezwa insimbi ikhala,” kusho uDavis.Uma iphaneli yenziwe ngezinto eziyinhlanganisela, izothulisa umsindo futhi yenze isitimela sithule."

Isisindo esilula sale nhlanganisela siyenza ihehe kubaqhubi bamabhasi abanentshisekelo yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli nokwandisa ububanzi bawo.Embikweni kaSepthemba 2018, inkampani yocwaningo lwemakethe iLucintel yabikezela ukuthi imakethe yomhlaba wonke yezinhlanganisela ezisetshenziswa ekuthuthweni kwabantu abaningi nasezimotweni ezingekho emgwaqeni izokhula ngenani lonyaka lamaphesenti angama-4.6 phakathi kuka-2018 no-2023, ngenani elingase libe yi- $ 1 billion ngo-2023. Amathuba azovela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ingaphandle, ingaphakathi, ihood kanye nezingxenye ze-powertrain, nezingxenye zikagesi.

I-Norplex-Micarta manje ikhiqiza izingxenye ezintsha ezivivinywayo okwamanje kolayini besitimela abalula e-United States.Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani iyaqhubeka nokugxila ezinhlelweni zokufaka ugesi ngezinto zefayibha eziqhubekayo futhi izihlanganisa nezinhlelo ze-resin zokuphulukisa ngokushesha."Unganciphisa izindleko, ukhuphule ukukhiqizwa, futhi ulethe ukusebenza okugcwele kwe-FST phenolic emakethe," kuchaza uDavis.Nakuba izinto eziyinhlanganisela zingabiza kakhulu kunezingxenye zensimbi ezifanayo, u-Davis uthi izindleko akuyona into enqumayo yohlelo lokusebenza abayifundayo.

Ilula futhi i-flame-retardant
Ukulungiswa kabusha kwemikhumbi kajantshi yaseYurophu iDuetsche Bahn yezimoto ezingama-66 ICE-3 Express ingelinye lamakhono ezinto eziyinhlanganisela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zamakhasimende.Uhlelo lwe-air conditioning, uhlelo lokuzijabulisa kwabagibeli kanye nezihlalo ezintsha zengeze isisindo esingadingekile ezimotweni zikaloliwe i-ICE-3.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-plywood yokuqala yaphansi ayizange ihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezintsha zomlilo zaseYurophu.Inkampani yayidinga isisombululo se-flooring ukusiza ukunciphisa isisindo kanye nokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuvikela umlilo.I-flooring eyinhlanganisela engasindi yimpendulo.

I-Saertex, umkhiqizi wezindwangu eziyinhlanganisela ezinze eJalimane, ihlinzeka ngohlelo lwe-LEO® lwempahla yokubeka phansi.UDaniel Stumpp, inhloko yezokukhangisa emhlabeni wonke kwa-Saertex Group, uthe i-LEO iyindwangu enezingqimba, engeyona i-crimp enikeza izakhiwo eziphakeme zemishini namandla amakhulu angasindi kunezindwangu ezilukiwe.Uhlelo olunezingxenye ezine oluyinhlanganisela luhlanganisa okukhethekile ukumelana nomlilo, izinto eziqinisiwe ze-fiberglass, i-SAERfoam® (into eyinhloko enamabhuloho e-3D-fiberglass ahlanganisiwe), kanye nezinhlaka ze-LEO vinyl ester.

I-SMT(nayo futhi ezinze eJalimane), umkhiqizi wezinto ezibonakalayo, udale phansi ngenqubo yokugcwalisa i-vacuum esebenzisa izikhwama ze-silicon vacuum ezisebenziseka kabusha ezenziwe ngu-Alan Harper, inkampani yaseBrithani."Sisindise cishe amaphesenti angu-50 wesisindo ku-plywood yangaphambili," kusho uStumpp."Uhlelo lwe-LEO lusekelwe kuma-fiber laminates aqhubekayo anesistimu ye-resin engagcwalisiwe enezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini ... . Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlanganisela ayiboli, okuyinzuzo enkulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho likhithika khona ebusika nasebusika. phansi kumanzi."Iphansi, ukhaphethi ongaphezulu kanye nezinto zenjoloba konke kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezintsha zokunqanda ilangabi.

I-SMT ikhiqize ngaphezu kwamamitha-skwele angu-32,000 amaphaneli, afakwe cishe engxenyeni yesithathu yezitimela eziyisishiyagalombili ze-ICE-3 kuze kube manje.Phakathi nenqubo yokuvuselela, usayizi wephaneli ngayinye uyathuthukiswa ukuze ulingane imoto ethile.I-OEM ye-ICE-3 sedan ihlabeke umxhwele nge-flooring entsha eyinhlanganisela kangangokuthi iye yayala uphahla oluyinhlanganisela ukuze luthathele indawo uphahla oludala lwensimbi ezimotweni zikaloliwe.

Qhubeka
U-Proterra, umklami osekelwe eCalifornia kanye nomkhiqizi wamabhasi kagesi we-zero-emission, ubelokhu esebenzisa izinto eziyinhlanganisela kuyo yonke imizimba yakhe kusukela ngo-2009. Ngo-2017, inkampani yaqopha umlando ngokushayela amamayela angu-1,100 endlela eyodwa ku-Catalyst yayo eshaja ibhethri. ®E2 ibhasi.Lelo bhasi linomzimba ongasindi owenziwe umkhiqizi oyinhlanganisela we-TPI Composite.

* Muva nje, i-TPI ihlanganyele ne-Proterra ukukhiqiza ibhasi likagesi eliyinhlanganisela yonke into eyodwa."Ebhasini noma elolini elijwayelekile, kukhona i-chassis, futhi umzimba uhlala phezu kwalowo chassis," kuchaza u-Todd Altman, umqondisi wezokumaketha kwe-Strategic kwa-TPI.Ngomklamo wamagobolondo aqinile webhasi, sihlanganise i-chassis nomzimba ndawonye, ​​ngokufana nomklamo wemoto ehlanganisa yonke into eyodwa.” Isakhiwo esisodwa sisebenza kangcono kunezakhiwo ezimbili ezihlukene ekuhlangabezaneni nezimfuneko zokusebenza.
Umzimba we-Proterra onegobolondo elilodwa wakhiwe ngenjongo, waklanywa kusukela ekuqaleni ukuze ube imoto kagesi.Lowo umehluko obalulekile, kusho u-Altman, ngoba ulwazi lwabakhiqizi bezimoto nabenzi bamabhasi kagesi bekuwukuzama imizamo elinganiselwe yokuhlanganisa imiklamo yabo evamile yezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi nezimoto zikagesi."Bathatha amapulatifomu akhona futhi bazama ukupakisha amabhethri amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ayinikezi isixazululo esingcono kakhulu kunoma iyiphi indawo yokubuka.""kusho u-Altman.
Amabhasi amaningi kagesi, isibonelo, anamabhethri ngemuva noma phezu kwemoto.Kodwa ku-Proterra, i-TPI iyakwazi ukufaka ibhethri ngaphansi kwebhasi."Uma ungeza isisindo esiningi esakhiweni semoto, ufuna leso sisindo sibe lula ngangokunokwenzeka, kokubili ngokombono wokusebenza kanye nokuphepha," kusho u-Altman.Ubalule ukuthi abakhiqizi abaningi bamabhasi kagesi nezimoto manje sebebuyela ebhodini lokudweba ukuze bakhe imiklamo esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ehlosiwe yezimoto zabo.

I-TPI yenze isivumelwano seminyaka emihlanu ne-Proterra sokukhiqiza izindikimba zamabhasi eziyinhlanganisela ezifika ku-3,350 ezikhungweni ze-TPI e-Iowa nase-Rhode Island.

Udinga ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo
Ukuklama indikimba yebhasi ye-Catalyst kudinga ukuthi i-TPI ne-Proterra bahlale belinganisela amandla kanye nobuthakathaka bazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo ukuze bakwazi ukuhlangabezana nemigomo yezindleko kuyilapho bezuza ukusebenza okuphelele.U-Altman waphawula ukuthi isipiliyoni se-TPI ekukhiqizeni izindwani zomoya ezinkulu ezingaba amafidi angu-200 ubude nesisindo esingamaphawundi angu-25,000 kwenza kube lula kuzo ukukhiqiza imizimba yamabhasi engamamitha angu-40 enesisindo esiphakathi kuka-6,000 no-10,000 wamaphawundi.

I-TPI iyakwazi ukuthola amandla esakhiwo adingekayo ngokusebenzisa ngokukhetha i-carbon fibre futhi iyigcine ukuze iqinise izindawo ezithwala umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu."Sisebenzisa i-carbon fiber lapho ungathenga khona imoto," kusho u-Altman.Sekukonke, i-carbon fiber yenza ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-10 wezinto eziqinisayo eziyinhlanganisela yomzimba, enye enye i-fiberglass.

I-TPI ikhethe i-vinyl ester resin ngesizathu esifanayo."Uma sibheka ama-epoxies, mahle kakhulu, kodwa uma uwaphulukisa, kufanele uphakamise izinga lokushisa, ngakho-ke kufanele ushise isikhunta. Kuyizindleko ezengeziwe, "waqhubeka.

Le nkampani isebenzisa i-vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) ukukhiqiza izakhiwo zesemishi eziyinhlanganisela ezinikeza ukuqina okudingekayo kugobolondo elilodwa.Phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza, ezinye izinsimbi zensimbi (ezifana nezifakelo ezinentambo namapuleti okushaya) zifakwa emzimbeni.Ibhasi lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezingenhla nezingezansi, bese zihlanganiswa.Izisebenzi kufanele kamuva zengeze imihlobiso encane eyinhlanganisela efana nama-fairing, kodwa inani lezingxenye liyingxenye yebhasi lensimbi.

Ngemva kokuthumela indikimba eqediwe embonini yokukhiqiza amabhasi i-Proterra, ulayini wokukhiqiza ugeleza ngokushesha ngoba mncane umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe."Akudingeki benze konke ukushisela, ukugaya kanye nokukhiqiza, futhi bane-interface elula kakhulu yokuxhuma umzimba ku-drivetrain," kusho u-Altman.I-Proterra yonga isikhathi futhi yehlisa phezulu ngoba kudingeka indawo encane yokukhiqiza yegobolondo le-monocotic.

U-Altman ukholelwa ukuthi isidingo sezindikimba zamabhasi ayinhlanganisela sizoqhubeka nokukhula njengoba amadolobha ephendukela emabhasini asebenza ngogesi ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nokunciphisa izindleko.NgokukaProterra, izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ngamabhethri zinezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zomjikelezo wokuphila (iminyaka engu-12) uma kuqhathaniswa nodizili, igesi yemvelo ecindezelwe noma amabhasi ayingxube kadizili.Lokho kungase kube isizathu esisodwa esenza u-Proterra athi ukuthengiswa kwamabhasi kagesi asebenza ngebhethri manje kwenza u-10% wesamba semakethe yezokuthutha.

Kusenezithiyo ezithile ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwezinto eziyinhlanganisela emzimbeni webhasi kagesi.Enye iwukungcwelisa izidingo zamakhasimende amabhasi ahlukene."Bonke iziphathimandla zezokuthutha zithanda ukuthola amabhasi ngendlela ehlukile -- ukumiswa kwezihlalo, ukuvuleka kwe-hatch. Kuyinselelo enkulu kubakhiqizi bamabhasi, futhi eziningi zalezo zinto zokumisa zingaya kithi.""U-Altman uthe. "Abakhiqizi bemizimba ehlanganisiwe bafuna ukwakha okujwayelekile, kodwa uma ikhasimende ngalinye lifuna izinga eliphezulu lokwenza ngokwezifiso, kuzoba nzima ukwenza lokho." I-TPI iyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana ne-Proterra ukuthuthukisa umklamo wamabhasi ukuze ulawule kangcono. ukuguquguquka okudingekayo ngabathengi bokugcina.

Hlola okungenzeka
I-Composites iyaqhubeka nokuhlola ukuthi ingabe izinto zayo zikulungele yini izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha zokuthutha abantu abaningi.E-UK, i-ELG Carbon Fibre, egxile kwezobuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha nokusebenzisa kabusha i-carbon fibre, ihola inhlanganisela yezinkampani ezakha izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezingasindi zamabhogi ezimotweni zabagibeli.I-bogie isekela umzimba wemoto, iqondisa i-wheelset futhi igcina ukuzinza kwayo.Zisiza ukuthuthukisa ukunethezeka kokugibela ngokumunca ukudlidliza kwezitimela kanye nokunciphisa amandla aphakathi nendawo njengoba isitimela siphenduka.

Omunye umgomo wale phrojekthi ukukhiqiza izinsimbi ezilula ngamaphesenti angu-50 kunezinsimbi ezifanayo."Uma i-bogie ilula, izodala umonakalo omncane kumzila, futhi ngenxa yokuthi umthwalo wethrekhi uzoba ngaphansi, isikhathi sokulondoloza kanye nezindleko zokunakekelwa kungancishiswa," kusho uCamille Seurat, unjiniyela wokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo we-ELG.Izinjongo ezengeziwe ukwehlisa amandla amasondo e-side-to-rail ngama-40% nokuhlinzeka ngokuqapha isimo sokuphila konke.Ibhodi le-UK elingenzi nzuzo lika-Rail Safety and Standards (RSSB) lixhasa ngezimali le phrojekthi ngenhloso yokukhiqiza umkhiqizo okwazi ukuhwebelana.

Izivivinyo ezibanzi zokukhiqiza zenziwe futhi inani lamaphaneli okuhlola enziwe kusetshenziswa ama-prepregs kusuka ku-die pressing, i-layup evamile emanzi, i-perfusion kanye ne-autoclave.Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwama-bogies kuzoba nomkhawulo, inkampani yakhetha i-epoxy prepreg elashwe kuma-autoclaves njengendlela yokwakha engabizi kakhulu.

I-bogie prototype yosayizi ogcwele ingamafidi angu-8.8 ubude, amafidi angu-6.7 ububanzi namafidi angu-2.8 ukuphakama.Yenziwe ngenhlanganisela ye-carbon fibre egaywe kabusha (amaphedi angalukiwe anikezwe i-ELG) kanye nendwangu ye-carbon fibre eluhlaza.Imicu yendlela eyodwa izosetshenziselwa isici samandla esiyinhloko futhi izofakwa ekubunjweni kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe berobhothi.Kuzokhethwa i-epoxy enezici ezinhle zomshini, okuzoba i-epoxy evimbela ilangabi esanda kwakhiwa egunyazwe i-EN45545-2 ukuthi isetshenziswe ezitimeleni.
Ngokungafani nezigxobo zensimbi, ezishiselwa kusukela ezinsikeni zokuqondisa kuya emishayweni emibili esemaceleni, izigxobo eziyinhlanganisela zizokwakhiwa zibe neziqongo nezingezansi ezihlukene ezibe sezihlanganiswa.Ukushintsha izinsimbi zensimbi ezikhona, inguqulo eyinhlanganisela kuzodingeka ihlanganise ukumiswa nokuxhuma amabhuleki nezinye izesekeli endaweni efanayo."Okwamanje, sikhethe ukugcina izinsimbi zensimbi, kodwa ngenxa yemiklamo eyengeziwe, kungase kuthakazelise ukufaka esikhundleni sensimbi ngokuhlanganiswa kohlobo oluhlanganisiwe ukuze sikwazi ukunciphisa isisindo sokugcina," kusho u-Seurat.

Ilungu le-consortium le-Sensors and Composites Group eNyuvesi yaseBirmingham liqondise ukuthuthukiswa kwenzwa, ezohlanganiswa ne-bogie ehlanganisiwe esiteji sokukhiqiza."Izinzwa eziningi zizogxila ekuqapheni ubunzima ezindaweni ezihlukene ku-bogie, kanti ezinye zingezokuzwa izinga lokushisa," kusho uSeurat.Izinzwa zizovumela ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kwesakhiwo esiyinhlanganisela, okuvumela idatha yomthwalo wempilo yonke ukuthi iqoqwe.Lokhu kuzohlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nomthwalo ophezulu kanye nokukhathala kwesikhathi eside.

Ucwaningo lokuqala lubonisa ukuthi ama-bogies ahlanganisiwe kufanele akwazi ukufeza ukuncishiswa kwesisindo esifiselekayo se-50%.Ithimba lephrojekthi lithemba ukuthi kuzoba nesitolo esikhulu esilungele ukuhlolwa maphakathi no-2019.Uma i-prototype yenza njengoba bekulindelekile, bazokhiqiza ama-bogies amaningi ukuze bahlole amathilamu enziwe i-Alstom, inkampani yezokuthutha izitimela.

NgokukaSeurat, nakuba usemningi umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe, izinkomba zakuqala zibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kwakhiwe i-bogie eyinhlanganisela ethengiswayo engaqhudelana nezinsimbi zensimbi ngezindleko namandla.“Bese ngicabanga ukuthi kuningi ongakhetha kukho kanye nezicelo ezingaba khona zezinhlanganisela embonini yezitimela,” wengeza.(I-athikili iphrintwe kabusha isuka ku-Carbon Fiber kanye Nobuchwepheshe Bayo Eyinhlanganisela nguDkt. Qian Xin).